GENETICS http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/
Classification: http://www.jogtheweb.com/flat/a6OEFSCTcpYL/Classification-Unit
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnF_UdPbJZ0
ALWAYS:
- know that when you see the word 'read' you can access the audio version on Audible on the iPod nano
- have your book open as you listen to the module on Audible so that you can see the illustrations etc. and so you know when/where to stop
- Read each section and do the OYO as you get to them. Do not continue reading (listening) until you have completed the OYO questions and checked your answers against those at the end of the module.
- Spend 5-15 minutes on Quizlet to work on the vocabulary words for each section and the previous section's words as you complete each reading assignment.
- complete the study guide for each module
- if you don't understand a concept/section/topic go to the bottom of this post and check the 'extra help' links. If something is very interesting to you, check the 'interesting links' section for that module at the bottom of this post.
Module #1 - Biology the Study of Life
SUPPLY LIST:
Module #1
Microscope
Lens paper
Slides
Coverslips
Eyedropper
Methylene blue stain
Water
Small pieces of bright thread
Cotton swabs
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6/18 read pg 6-8
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6/19 read pg 8-11
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6/21 read pg 12-18
Six Kingdoms OR Three Domains? Which is it? Science is ever changing. Kingdoms are still widely used as a classification system, it's just that some use the Domain classification as a higher level of classification. A domain is one step up from a kingdom. Here's a video that explains the the current Three Domains system http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGVgIcTpZkk
read pg 18-20
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6/24 read pg 20-30, do ex. 1.1 on your own
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6/25 read pg 30-33, do ex. 1.2 with Mom
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6/26 complete study guide
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6/28 study & turn in lab book
Take test
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7/1 Module #2 - Kingdoms of Archae and Bacteria
This kingdom has been divided and renamed since the production of your text book. It is now divided into Archae and Bacteria. Most of what is in this module pertains to Bacteria.
Module #2 SUPPLIES (needed on 7/5)
Microscope Slides Coverslips for the slides 4 eyedroppers Four jars with lids (You do not want a lot of light to get into the jars. Thus, jars with darkened glass or plastic work really well. If you can’t find that kind of jar, cover your jars with paper orfoil to keep the light out.) A small amount of chopped hay (Dried grass will work as a substitute.) Uncooked white rice (Brown rice will not work as well.) Egg yolk (uncooked) A small amount of rich soil A long-handled ladle (A good one can be made by attaching a kitchen ladle to a broom handle with duct tape.) The 4 culture jars made in Experiment 2.1 A small amount of cotton (from a cotton ball, for example) A pond or small body of water (A still creek will do in a pinch, but it will not be ideal.) Something to rest your lab notebook on while you draw in it Colored pencils
Read 37-41
Molecular Machines Scroll to the bottom to see some animated movies. Cool Stuff!
The organisms that make up kingdoms Archeae and Bacteria are all prokaryotic.
These prokaryotic cells are bacteria.
Bacteria is made up of organisms that are one tiny cell each. They are single-cellular. They can only be seen with a microscope.
So if you can actually see any living thing, you will know it is not made of only one cell, but is multi-cellular.
See these images of how prokaryotic cells may be drawn differently.
Image 1, Image 2, Image 3 (scroll down)
There may be more than one correct name of a certain part of a cell. DNA and nucleoid, for example.
Also notice fimbriae (sing. fimbria) and pili. (This is because of which job the fimbriae are doing -- bottom of p. 39)
But the main thing to know is that prokaryotic cells do not have organelles (little organs) like a eukaryotic cell does.
►See this image that compares the two kinds of cells.
--In the cytoplasm (also called cytosol) of a prokaryotic cell, there are ribosomes and DNA.
--In the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, there are many organelles, each with their own job.
►The fimbriea/pili are not used to move the bacterium. They are for grasping. They grasp surfaces to adhere to them (fimbriea), or they grasp other bacteria as part of reproduction (pili).
►Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a winding, circular shape that connects end-to-end. There is only one replication origin (original DNA strand) when replication starts.
►By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear (in a line); it does not connect end to end to form a circle. The DNA in a eukaryotic cell is enclosed in a nucleus -- it is "membrane-bound." Other organelles are enclosed in membranes also, much like little water balloons of all shapes.
In eukaryotic cells, when the DNA is replicated, there are as many as 1000 replication origins.
Despite these differences, however, the underlying process of replication is the same for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA.
►More about: Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes
(when used as an adjective, these words end in -ic)
The shapes of bacteria. There are three basic shapes of bacteria. (see image), source.
-Sperical (cocci), which is round.
-Rod-shaped (bacilli), which are longer.
-Helical (spirilla), which look like a spiral.
These three shapes of bacteria have variations and different groupings. (see image) source.
►Read about the size of bacteria, a single, prokaryotic cell of the kingdom Monera.
Shape and Movement of Bacteria There is a lot of information, so listen twice! (You will learn on p. 43 about anaerobic bacteria that do not need oxygen.)
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The organisms that make up kingdoms Archeae and Bacteria are all prokaryotic.
These prokaryotic cells are bacteria.
Bacteria is made up of organisms that are one tiny cell each. They are single-cellular. They can only be seen with a microscope.
So if you can actually see any living thing, you will know it is not made of only one cell, but is multi-cellular.
See these images of how prokaryotic cells may be drawn differently.
Image 1, Image 2, Image 3 (scroll down)
There may be more than one correct name of a certain part of a cell. DNA and nucleoid, for example.
Also notice fimbriae (sing. fimbria) and pili. (This is because of which job the fimbriae are doing -- bottom of p. 39)
But the main thing to know is that prokaryotic cells do not have organelles (little organs) like a eukaryotic cell does.
►See this image that compares the two kinds of cells.
--In the cytoplasm (also called cytosol) of a prokaryotic cell, there are ribosomes and DNA.
--In the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, there are many organelles, each with their own job.
►Prokaryotic DNA is arranged in a winding, circular shape that connects end-to-end. There is only one replication origin (original DNA strand) when replication starts.
►By contrast, eukaryotic DNA is linear (in a line); it does not connect end to end to form a circle. The DNA in a eukaryotic cell is enclosed in a nucleus -- it is "membrane-bound." Other organelles are enclosed in membranes also, much like little water balloons of all shapes.
In eukaryotic cells, when the DNA is replicated, there are as many as 1000 replication origins.
Despite these differences, however, the underlying process of replication is the same for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA.
(when used as an adjective, these words end in -ic)
The shapes of bacteria. There are three basic shapes of bacteria. (see image), source.
-Sperical (cocci), which is round.
-Rod-shaped (bacilli), which are longer.
-Helical (spirilla), which look like a spiral.
These three shapes of bacteria have variations and different groupings. (see image) source.
►Read about the size of bacteria, a single, prokaryotic cell of the kingdom Monera.
Shape and Movement of Bacteria There is a lot of information, so listen twice! (You will learn on p. 43 about anaerobic bacteria that do not need oxygen.)
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7/2 read 41-44
The growth of a population of bacteria
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7/4 Read 44-47
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7/5 read 47-49
Genetic recombination in bacteria can occur in one of three ways.
- Conjugation - temporary union of 2 organisms to transfer DNA
- Transformation - transfer of DNA from a non-functional donor cell to a functional recipient cell
- Transduction - the process by which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another
Conjugation:
(this is the plasmid sending a strand from the donor to the recipient, not the DNA sending it)
(this is the plasmid sending a strand from the donor to the recipient, not the DNA sending it)
read 49-51 do ex. 2.1 - (gather pond water)
Transformation:Transduction:
Flu Attack! How a Virus Invades Your Body
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7/8 read 53-54
The first way we separate the organisms in Kingdom Monera is by their cell walls.
Using a Gram stain process (named after Hans Christian Gram) can tell what kind of cell wall an organism has by the the color of the cell wall after staining. (see image)
One type of cell wall will retain the dark purple stain, because it has a certain thick layer (peptidoglycan) on the outer layer of the cell.
This is called a gram-positive bacteria.
Other bacteria's cell walls have a thin layer of peptidoglycan further into the layers, and it does not retain the dark stain, and the last pinkish stain is retained.
This is a gram-negative bacteria.
►See the peptidoglycan layers in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In this diagram, it is indicated by a brownish layer.
►Watch this animation of Gram stain procedure. Scroll down and read the steps on the left as the animation happens on the right. It is fast! So after you carefully read the steps, re-watch the animation of the steps. They play continuously.
Escherichia coli, commonly known as E. coli, is Gram-negative, while Streptococcus (Strep) is Gram-positive.
read 54-56a
There are 4 phyla in kingdom Monera. The phyla are divided into classes for different reasons. Phylum Graciliacutes (Gram-negative) is further divided into classes by how they obtain food.The phylum Firmicutes (Gram-positive) is further divided by shape. The other two phyla are not divided into classes because they each have only one class, but there is a reason they are different phyla than the first two I mentioned.
Study carefully before attempting the On Your Own 2.14.
Take notes similar to the table at the bottom of page 55.
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7/9 read 56-61 do ex. 2.2
Experiment 2.2, Pond Life, Part B. (Part A was preparation for this experiment.)
►At Julie's blog, see bacteria in the pond water her class collected.
►At Julie's blog, see videos of bacteria in pond water. (Experiment done in M3 - continued from M2)
►At Michelle's blog see A Microscopic World video of bacteria from their pond water.
►Michelle's class viewing bacteria in samples of pond water.
►Video -- The reaction of her class last year when they opened the stinky cultures!
We're not able to actually do the experiments, so here are some pictures of bacteria. See if you can find any names you recognize. There are two bacteria for Salmonella, but only one causes food poisoning. There are others I think you will recognize.
Here are also some videos of bacteria.
Microbiologia I
Bacteria Growth
White blood Cell Chases Bacteria
Salmonella Cell
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►At Julie's blog, see bacteria in the pond water her class collected.
►At Julie's blog, see videos of bacteria in pond water. (Experiment done in M3 - continued from M2)
►At Michelle's blog see A Microscopic World video of bacteria from their pond water.
►Michelle's class viewing bacteria in samples of pond water.
►Video -- The reaction of her class last year when they opened the stinky cultures!
We're not able to actually do the experiments, so here are some pictures of bacteria. See if you can find any names you recognize. There are two bacteria for Salmonella, but only one causes food poisoning. There are others I think you will recognize.
Here are also some videos of bacteria.
Microbiologia I
Salmonella Cell
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7/10
complete study guide~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
7/12
study
turn in lab book
take module # 2 test
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7/15
Module # 3 - Kingdom Protista
Supplies:
Microscope
Slides
Coverslips
Prepared slide: amoeba
Prepared slide: paramecium
Prepared slide: euglena
Prepared slide: volvox
Prepared slide: Spirogyra
Prepared slide: Diatoms
The 4 culture jars used in Experiment 2.2
4 eyedroppers (one for each jar)
A small amount of cotton (from a cotton ball, for example)
►Kingdom Monera is bacteria. That's easy to understand.
►Best I can figure, kingdom Protista consists of organisms that are mostly found in water or some kind of moisture. Some live in insects, humans, or animals.
Both of these kingdoms are microorganisms (seen with a microscope).
►Kingdom Monera (bacteria) are single-celled and are prokaryotic.
►Kingdom Protista is mostly single-celled, but single-celled or multicellular, their cells are eukaryotic (have distinct, membrane-bounded organelles). Each organelle in the cell has a different job. This adds more complexity to the organisms of kingdom Protista.
As a reminder, here are the differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
As you can see, in addition to kingdom Protista, all the other kingdoms we will study later - Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - also have eukaryotic cells.
►►Bacteria cells, Plant cells, and Animal cells.
Which kind are Protists? Kingdom Protista has two divisions.
Subdivision Protozoa has cells that are animal-like. Not animal cells, but animal-like cells.
Subdivision Algae consists of plant-like cells.
Look at the different parts (called organelles) of a Eukaryotic Cell. Click on animal or plant cell.
Different organelles have their own jobs to perform to maintain the life of the cell. Hover over the organelles of the cell to learn their names. Below the cell, hover over the names to see any organelles you may have missed.
Notice which organelles the animal cell does not have that the plant cell has, and vice versa.
The organelles that are in both cells, are they each the same shape?
You do not need to know all this now - that will come in a later module. It is good to be familiar with this information.
►Best I can figure, kingdom Protista consists of organisms that are mostly found in water or some kind of moisture. Some live in insects, humans, or animals.
Both of these kingdoms are microorganisms (seen with a microscope).
►Kingdom Monera (bacteria) are single-celled and are prokaryotic.
►Kingdom Protista is mostly single-celled, but single-celled or multicellular, their cells are eukaryotic (have distinct, membrane-bounded organelles). Each organelle in the cell has a different job. This adds more complexity to the organisms of kingdom Protista.
As a reminder, here are the differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
As you can see, in addition to kingdom Protista, all the other kingdoms we will study later - Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - also have eukaryotic cells.
►►Bacteria cells, Plant cells, and Animal cells.
Which kind are Protists? Kingdom Protista has two divisions.
Subdivision Protozoa has cells that are animal-like. Not animal cells, but animal-like cells.
Subdivision Algae consists of plant-like cells.
Look at the different parts (called organelles) of a Eukaryotic Cell. Click on animal or plant cell.
Different organelles have their own jobs to perform to maintain the life of the cell. Hover over the organelles of the cell to learn their names. Below the cell, hover over the names to see any organelles you may have missed.
Notice which organelles the animal cell does not have that the plant cell has, and vice versa.
The organelles that are in both cells, are they each the same shape?
You do not need to know all this now - that will come in a later module. It is good to be familiar with this information.
read 67-70 do ex. 3.1
Kingdom Protista is divided into two subkingdoms: subkingdom Protozoa, and subkingdom Algae.Subkingdom Protozoa is divided into four phyla. The division is based on locomotion - how they move. To me, these are more interesting than the organisms in subkingdom Algae.
Subkingdom Algae is divided into five phyla. The division for Algae is based on three things: habitat, organization (single or multiple cells; one phylum has some colonies), and by type of cell wall.
Each of the nine phyla for subkingdoms Protozoa and Algae has one or more examples in the genus category given in the text.
There are many genera (pl. for genus) and in each genus category, there are many species. Some examples are listed only by genus and are Capitalized and italicized, and some are specific and give both genus and species. The species is only italicized, not capitalized.
(Think "general" and "specific", although 'genus' is not very general when you think about the fact that it is the 6th category in the Biological Classification system!)
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
Kingdom Protista: Subkingdom Protozoa
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7/16 read 71-73 draw 3.2
Phylum: Sarcodina
Locomotion: Pseudopods (false feet)
example: genus Amoeba (uh mee' buh)
►See images of amoebas!
Amoeba Dinner!
Watch this amoeba eat. It uses its pseudopod locomotion to move and to engulf its prey. To begin with, everything moves slowly until the prey realizes it is caught!
More amoebas.
Other Sarcodines - members of the Sarcodina phylum:
►Entamoeba gingivalis
►Entamoeba coli, or E. coli,(but not Escherichia coli)
►Entamoeba histolytica
The genus Entamoeba contains many organisms that live inside humans.
Which of these three ↑ are harmless, and which are harmful (and therefore a parasite)?
And what disease(s) do they cause?
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7/17 read 74-78 draw 3.3
Phylum Mastigophora
Euglena's movement by whirling its flagella, and by drawing its cytoplasm into the central region of the cell, then re-extending itself forward.
Euglena are both heterotrophs and autotrophs (p. 74)
(Although some biologist say to be an autotroph, it has to only make its own food, and not acquire it elsewhere.)
But if a Euglena is deprived of light too long, it will no longer be able to make its own food, even if it has plenty of light later.
Euglena are saprophytic heterotrophs since they only feed on dead things, and therefore they are also decomposers.
To Clarify:
Heterotrophic bacteria can be saprophytes, and therefore also a decomposer.
Heterotrophic bacteria can be parasites, and are not decomposers.
Autotrophic bacteria manufacture their own food by chemosynthesis or photosynthesis.
In the following video, the boys says the Euglena "can be a plant or an animal, depending..."
Per my email to Apologia, "it it neither a plant nor an animal; it is considered a protist."
Also, Euglenas do not use their "eye" to see. It is there to sense light and the Euglena is drawn toward the light, but it cannot see the light.
Euglenanimation
See different types of protists with flagella. Since these organisms that are from the kingdom Protista, subkingdom Protozoa, and all have flagella, they are in the phylum Mastigophora.
Not all the genera (pl. for genus) in the phylum Mastigophora are euglena. Euglena is perhaps the most common.
Volvox Reproduction
►See a closeup of a volvox colony. You can even see the flagella and eyespots! Also see the thin strands of cytoplasm holding it together. It is awesome how they organize themselves like little planets with North and South poles. Scroll down.
So beautiful! And our Creator made this! =D This is a terrific page!
Other Mastigophorites - members of the phylum Mastigophora:
►Volvox
►Trypanosoma
►Trichonympha
Which of these three ↑ live in colonies? How do they move?
Which one is beneficial to a termite? Why?
Which one is carried by the tsetse fly and causes disease? (this would make it a parasite) What disease?
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Phylum Mastigophora
Phylum: Mastigophora
Locomotion: Flagellum
example: genus Euglena (yoo glee' nuh)
Euglena, from a pond
Euglena's movement by whirling its flagella, and by drawing its cytoplasm into the central region of the cell, then re-extending itself forward.
Euglena are both heterotrophs and autotrophs (p. 74)
(Although some biologist say to be an autotroph, it has to only make its own food, and not acquire it elsewhere.)
But if a Euglena is deprived of light too long, it will no longer be able to make its own food, even if it has plenty of light later.
Euglena are saprophytic heterotrophs since they only feed on dead things, and therefore they are also decomposers.
To Clarify:
Heterotrophic bacteria can be saprophytes, and therefore also a decomposer.
Heterotrophic bacteria can be parasites, and are not decomposers.
Autotrophic bacteria manufacture their own food by chemosynthesis or photosynthesis.
In the following video, the boys says the Euglena "can be a plant or an animal, depending..."
Per my email to Apologia, "it it neither a plant nor an animal; it is considered a protist."
Also, Euglenas do not use their "eye" to see. It is there to sense light and the Euglena is drawn toward the light, but it cannot see the light.
Euglenanimation
See different types of protists with flagella. Since these organisms that are from the kingdom Protista, subkingdom Protozoa, and all have flagella, they are in the phylum Mastigophora.
Not all the genera (pl. for genus) in the phylum Mastigophora are euglena. Euglena is perhaps the most common.
Volvox Reproduction
►See a closeup of a volvox colony. You can even see the flagella and eyespots! Also see the thin strands of cytoplasm holding it together. It is awesome how they organize themselves like little planets with North and South poles. Scroll down.
So beautiful! And our Creator made this! =D This is a terrific page!
Other Mastigophorites - members of the phylum Mastigophora:
►Volvox
►Trypanosoma
►Trichonympha
Which of these three ↑ live in colonies? How do they move?
Which one is beneficial to a termite? Why?
Which one is carried by the tsetse fly and causes disease? (this would make it a parasite) What disease?
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7/19 TOTAL READING : read 78-83 read 84-86 ex. 3.2
p. 78-79, Phylum Ciliophora
A paramecium moves by beating the tiny "hairs" on its edge. These are called cilia.
Paramecia have an oral groove where they take in food. You can see the oral groove around 40 seconds when it starts turning over several times.
The little "blobs" throughout are food vacuoles. After a paramecium takes in food through the oral groove, it pinches off a little section with the food inside it. This is now a food vacuole, and it will move to other parts of the paramecium, taking food to its whole body.
Phylum: Ciliophora
Locomotion: Cilia (sil' ee uh)
example: genus Paramecium (pair uh mee' see um)A paramecium moves by beating the tiny "hairs" on its edge. These are called cilia.
Paramecia have an oral groove where they take in food. You can see the oral groove around 40 seconds when it starts turning over several times.
The little "blobs" throughout are food vacuoles. After a paramecium takes in food through the oral groove, it pinches off a little section with the food inside it. This is now a food vacuole, and it will move to other parts of the paramecium, taking food to its whole body.
Other Ciliates - members of the phylum Ciliophora:
►Stentor
►Balantidium coli
Which of these is shaped like a trumpet? What does it eat? How does it get its food?
Which of these is a parasite found in fecal matter of many species?
Flagella and Cilia
Here is a video that shows some protists from different phyla. You should recognize most of these names.
Look at p. 62 in your textbook. These are some organisms found in pond water, and now you will be able to recognize many of them.
►Chlamydomonas are green algae, which we will be studying in the second half of the module.
►Phacus, a Euglenoid, then "relatives of Phacus". They are species of the genus Euglena.
►Paramecia, mentioned above.
►Stentor, mentioned above.
Watch the food move down thru the stentor.
►Stentor
►Balantidium coli
Which of these is shaped like a trumpet? What does it eat? How does it get its food?
Which of these is a parasite found in fecal matter of many species?
Flagella and Cilia
Here is a video that shows some protists from different phyla. You should recognize most of these names.
Look at p. 62 in your textbook. These are some organisms found in pond water, and now you will be able to recognize many of them.
►Chlamydomonas are green algae, which we will be studying in the second half of the module.
►Phacus, a Euglenoid, then "relatives of Phacus". They are species of the genus Euglena.
►Paramecia, mentioned above.
►Stentor, mentioned above.
Watch the food move down thru the stentor.
p. 80-83, Phylum Sporozoa
Phylum: Sporozoa
Locomotion: None
example: genus Plasmodium (plaz' moh dee um)
The genus Plasmodium is home to a very deadly sporozoan. They are parasites. They form spores while in the mosquito, but while in a human they multiply in a different way, and can multiply very rapidly.
Study the spore formation stages on p. 80.
Sporozoa
example: genus Plasmodium (plaz' moh dee um)
The genus Plasmodium is home to a very deadly sporozoan. They are parasites. They form spores while in the mosquito, but while in a human they multiply in a different way, and can multiply very rapidly.
Study the spore formation stages on p. 80.
Sporozoa
Study the Life Cycle of Plasmodium on p. 81
How a Mosquito spreads Malaria
.
Another typical sporozoan - member of the phylum Sporozoa:
►Toxoplasma gondii
This sporozoan parasite can live in mammals, particularly what animal?
Pregnant women are told to not clean up after these particular animals because it may cause what?
The spores can be spread further by houseflies, cockroaches, insects.
►Toxoplasma gondii
This sporozoan parasite can live in mammals, particularly what animal?
Pregnant women are told to not clean up after these particular animals because it may cause what?
The spores can be spread further by houseflies, cockroaches, insects.
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