Resource Log: Apologia Biology Module#6

ALWAYS:

know that when you see the word 'read' you can access the audio version on Audible on the iPod nano
have your book open as you listen to the module on Audible so that you can see the illustrations etc. and so you know when/where to stop
Read each section and do the OYO as you get to them. Do not continue reading (listening) until you have completed the OYO questions and checked your answers against those at the end of the module.
Spend 5-15 minutes on Quizlet to work on the vocabulary words for each section and the previous section's words as you complete each reading assignment.
complete the study guide for each module
if you don't understand a concept/section/topic go to the bottom of this post and check the 'extra help' links. If something is very interesting to you, check the 'interesting links' section for that module at the bottom of this post.

 Microscope
 Lens paper
 Slides
 Coverslips
 Eyedroppers
 Iodine
 Prepared slide: Hydra
 Prepared slide: Ranunculus root
 Prepared slide: Zea mays root
 Water
 Onion
 Cork (Any cork item can be used.)
 Knife or scalpel
 Anacharis leaves (Anacharis is a generic term for aquatic plants that come from genus Elodea and genus Egeria. Sometimes called "water weeds," they can be purchased at aquarium stores. If you live in a state that has outlawed the sale of these plants due to their tendency to take over an ecosystem, ask the salesperson at the aquarium shop what they are selling in place of Anacharis. You could also use thin leaves from another plant like Impatiens. The main point is that the leaves need to be alive and very thin.)
 Banana
 Cotton swab
 Salt water (1 tablespoon of salt in about 7 cup of water

Module #6 - Cell Structure
DURING THIS MODULE: Go to at least one of these links each day to study the organelles you are learning.
♦ Centre of the Cell Watch the moving parts of cells. Click on the white circle connected to an organelle to see the name and function. Very simple and easy to understand. Does not include all the organelles, though.
♦ Cells Alive! See if you can recognize and name all the organelles. Read the organelles at the bottom and see if you can find them in the picture. Hover your mouse over an organelle to see if you are correct.

♦ Virtual 3D Cell Hover your mouse over the 3D cell. Click on the organelles you are learning for more information and a closer view. Some can zoom or rotate. Some will open for you to see inside. If it says click next, click one of the arrows on the left. ►◄

read 161-163
1) p. 161-163, Cellular Functions
There are 11 functions of plant and animal cells listed in this first section of Module 6. Three of the functions aren't listed as a vocabulary word, but they are in bold print in the text.
Some functions both plant and animal cells perform; other functions are specific to only animal or only plant cells.

I couldn't find a video that covered this very well, so here is an overview of cells.

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read 164-175
Go to at least one of these links each day to study the organelles you are learning.
♦ Centre of the Cell Watch the moving parts of cells. Click on the white circle connected to an organelle to see the name and function. Very simple and easy to understand. Does not include all the organelles, though.
♦ Cells Alive! See if you can recognize and name all the organelles. Read the organelles at the bottom and see if you can find them in the picture. Hover your mouse over an organelle to see if you are correct.

(2) p. 164-166a, Cell Structure... The Cell Wall... The Plasma Membrane
Near the bottom of p. 164, it says, "...cells are small for a reason... the volume of materials in a cell increases with the cube of the radius of the cell." After a brief introduction, he explains why cells are small and will not keep growing larger and larger.

Plasma Membrane

(3) p. 166-167a, The Cytoplasm

►Watch this short video about the cytoplasm. Scroll down a bit.

Cytoplasmic Streaming (remember, cyto means cell) is the movement of the cell's cytoplasm, transporting things such as nutrients, proteins, etc.
You will soon learn about active transport and passive transport.

Here is cytoplasmic streaming in the chloroplasts in a leaf. You don't need to watch it all.

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Go to at least one of these links each day to study the organelles you are learning.
♦ Centre of the Cell Watch the moving parts of cells. Click on the white circle connected to an organelle to see the name and function. Very simple and easy to understand. Does not include all the organelles, though.
♦ Cells Alive! See if you can recognize and name all the organelles. Read the organelles at the bottom and see if you can find them in the picture. Hover your mouse over an organelle to see if you are correct.

(4) p. 167-174, various parts of a cell

This video covers several organelles in the cell, but not in the order they are in your textbook.
p. 167-168, and 171
Endoplasmic Reticulum/ER, Ribosomes, Gogi Body (same as Gogi Apparatus),
Lysosomes, Mitochondrian

p. 169
Vacuoles and Vesicles

Also listed in your text is the vocabulary word Phagocytosis.
Phago- means to eat or engulf; cyto- or means cell.
This should help you remember what a Phagocytic vacuole is as well. (The ic on -cytic is the adjective part that means having to do w/ cells)
Read your definitions and study all your diagrams! =)

p. 172-173
Centrioles and Cytoskeleton
Oddly, I found a strange video that goes over the 2 remaining organelles the above videos didn't cover.

Plant Cell

► Play this Cell Quiz. Play it several times if you like.
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Go to at least one of these links each day to study the organelles you are learning.
♦ Centre of the Cell Watch the moving parts of cells. Click on the white circle connected to an organelle to see the name and function. Very simple and easy to understand. Does not include all the organelles, though.
♦ Cells Alive! See if you can recognize and name all the organelles. Read the organelles at the bottom and see if you can find them in the picture. Hover your mouse over an organelle to see if you are correct.
♦ Virtual 3D Cell Hover your mouse over the 3D cell. Click on the organelles you are learning for more information and a closer view. Some can zoom or rotate. Some will open for you to see inside. If it says click next, click one of the arrows on the left. ►◄
draw 6.1 & 6.2
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Go to at least one of these links each day to study the organelles you are learning.
♦ Centre of the Cell Watch the moving parts of cells. Click on the white circle connected to an organelle to see the name and function. Very simple and easy to understand. Does not include all the organelles, though.
♦ Cells Alive! See if you can recognize and name all the organelles. Read the organelles at the bottom and see if you can find them in the picture. Hover your mouse over an organelle to see if you are correct.
♦ Virtual 3D Cell Hover your mouse over the 3D cell. Click on the organelles you are learning for more information and a closer view. Some can zoom or rotate. Some will open for you to see inside. If it says click next, click one of the arrows on the left. ►◄
study plant and animal cell words
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ex 6.1(5) p. 175-176, Experiment 6.1, Cell Structure I
My Class: Look here at onion cells (the first 3 pics), and on the blank, unlined lab sheet I gave you, draw each magnification. Label which magnification each picture is.

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read 176-181

(6) p. 176-180, How Substances Travel In and Out of Cells

Before watching these videos, study Figure 6.7, The Construction of the Plasma Membrane.

Remember, lipids are fats, and repel water.
Part of a phospholipid (see image) is attracted to water, and part is repelled by water. This causes the phospholipids to arrange in such a way as to make up the plasma membrane of a cell.

The Plasma Membrane

Passive Transport and Active Transport.
Active Transport requires energy, called ATP.

Animal Cell
Near the end, see the centrioles. In the Animal Cell Pizza picture at the top of this post, we used pieces of celery to represent the centrioles.

Examples of Passive Transport
►Remember diffusion and osmosis - scroll down and read the part that is below the pictures of eggs.
Remember, osmosis occurs in an attempt to "even up" the concentration or dilution of solutes in the water on both sides of a semi-permeable membrane, such as the membrane of a raw egg or of a cell.

Watch three videos:

(a) Isotonic solution - a cell is said to be in an isotonic solution when the amount of concentrationin the cell is equal to amount of concentration that is in the solution the cell is in.
Your kidneys get rid of excess solutes in the blood to ensure that the bloodstream stays isotonic with your red blood cells.
Evolution?  I think not. Or you'd be dead before you "adapted" to everything that is necessary to live!

(b) Hypertonic solution - the amount of concentration in the solution (that the cell is in) is greaterthan the amount of concentration that is in the cell itself. This causes the cell to lose waterbecause the cell's water is drawn toward the higher concentration that is outside of the cell.
This causes the cell to shrink in on itself or implode (opposite of explode).
This collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm (remember, cyto means cell) due to a lack of water is called plasmolysis.
This is why when a person drinks ocean water, the water in their cells will move out of the cells by osmosis to the higher concentrated salt water, which can be fatal.

(c) Hypotonic solution - the amount of concentration in the solution (that the cell is in) is less than the amount of concentration that is in the cell itself. This causes the cell to absorb more waterand swell up due to osmosis, and causes the cell to explode.
This rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure is called cytolysis. (remember, cyto means cell)

(a) Red blood cells in an isotonic environment

(b) Red blood cells in a hypertonic solution causes plasmolysis (the cell implodes and shrivels)

(c) Red blood cells in a hypotonic solution causes cytolosis (the cell explodes)

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ex. 6.2
Go to at least one of these links each day to study the organelles you are learning.
♦ Centre of the Cell Watch the moving parts of cells. Click on the white circle connected to an organelle to see the name and function. Very simple and easy to understand. Does not include all the organelles, though.
♦ Cells Alive! See if you can recognize and name all the organelles. Read the organelles at the bottom and see if you can find them in the picture. Hover your mouse over an organelle to see if you are correct.

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182-186 read 186-189

(8) p. 182-185, How Cells Get their Energy

--The purpose of Cellular Respiration is to make energy. Your cells constantly make energy through a series of steps, divided into stages. There are four stages of Cellular Respiration, and in each stage there are molecules that react together in a chemical reaction that produce other molecules as products.
--In a chemical formula, the reactants (the molecules that react together) are on the left of the arrow, and the products (the molecules that are produced from the reaction) are on the right of the → arrow.
--In each stage of cellular respiration, some products from the previous stage (or more than one previous stage) are now used as reactants to make new products in the current stage.

Like factories make ingredients, and a baker might take only some of those ingredients to now bake bread, then you might take only 2 slices of that bread and make a sandwich. But the leftovers are still there in the end.
Watch for which products are used as reactants in the next stage(s), and which products are "saved" to be used in a later stage.

Aerobic cellular respiration is the converting of glucose into a usable form of energy. This energy is stored as adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. It is called aerobic cellular respiration because this means of cellular respiration uses oxygen.
The general equation for cellular respiration is:
1 glucose molecule + 6 oxygen molecules (after a very complicated series of steps) will produce →
6 carbon dioxide molecules, 6 water molecules, and about 36 molecules of ATP (energy).
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ +  6H₂O + energy
Do you recognize these molecules? This is the reverse of photosynthesis!
Now we will discuss a little about those very complicated steps. =)

The first stage of cellular respiration is (1) glycolysis, or the breaking down of glucose. This takes place in the cytoplasm.
The other three stages take place in the mitochondrion.
They are (2) the formation of acetyl coenzyme A, (3) the Krebs cycle, and (4) the electron transport system.

The purpose of cellular respiration is to get energy, but right from the beginning, the first stage uses 2 ATP's as a "push" to get going, the activation energy. This is like an investment because in the end, about 36 ATP's are finally produced..

Stage 1:  Glycolysis
A monosaccharide molecule goes into the cytoplasm where enzymes catalyze (speed up) a reaction that causes the monosaccharide molecule to lose some hydrogen atoms and convert one molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (sometimes called pyruvates) with somehydrogen (H) left in the product as well. Two ATP's are used to get this process started. It also produces 2 more ATP's (energy).
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₄O₃ + 4H + energy
glucose pyruvic acid               2ATP's

Stage 2:  The formation of acetyl coenzyme A
The 2 molecules of pyruvic acid head to a mitochondrion. As they cross into the mitochondrion, the pyruvic acid molecules are broken down, freeing carbon dioxide and hydrogen (which are products in the formula below). Then something new is introduced. Two proteins (called coenzyme A) attach to the remains of the pyruvic acid, forming 2 acetyl coenzyme A's. (The - sign in the formula below does not mean minus. It means it is attached.) Two other products of this chemical reaction are carbon dioxide and hydrogen. This stage is sometimes called the "oxidation of pyruvic acid."
The coenzyme A's are neither used up nor produced. They simply cycle through the stages of respiration.
No additional ATP is formed in this stage.
2C₃H₄O₃ + 2(coenzyme A) → 2C₂H₃O-(coenzyme A) + 2CO₂ + 2H
pyruvic acid     a protein              acetyl coenzyme A

Stage 3: The Krebs Cycle
This is the first stage that uses oxygen. The 2 molecules of acetyl coenzyme A react withoxygen to make hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and coenzyme A again. This is actually a summary of a very long, complicated procedure (like this explanation isn't complicated?!?) =) Two ATP's are also produced.
2C₂H₃O-(coenzyme A) + 3O₂ → 6H + 4CO₂ + 2(coenzyme A) + energy
      acetyl coenzyme A                                                               proteins              2ATP's

Stage 4: The electron transport system
The hydrogen from the previous three stages reacts with oxygen to make water and energy. This stage produces the most energy of all four stages.  Thirty-two ATP's, for a total of 36.
12H + 3O₂ → 6H₂O + energy
    32 ATP's

In each stage, you need to look at the product and see what of that is used in the next stage, and what is not used.
•In stage 1, glycolysis, the products are 2C₃H₄O₃ (pyruvic acid), 4H (hydrogen), and 2ATP's (energy).
The 2C₃H₄O₃ is used as a reactant in the next stage, but the 4H and 2ATP's are not. (so we "save" those in our mind)
•In stage 2, the formation of acetyl coenzyme A, the products are acetyl coenzyme A, 2H and 2CO₂ (carbon dioxide).
The acetyl coenzyme A is used as a reactant in the next stage, but the hydrogen and carbon dioxide are not. (add those to your total so far)
[note here that in stage 2, two coenzyme A's are used, and in stage 3, two coenzyme A's are produced. The net result is that nothing changed. Two coenzyme A's will be produced and used over and over again with each full cycle of cellular respiration.]
•In stage 3, the Kreb's cycle, excluding the coenzyme A's, the products are 6H, 4CO₂, and 2ATP's. The 6H (as well as the previously produced 4H and 2H) will now be used as reactants in the last stage, and 3O₂ (oxygen molecules) are also added in as reactants in the formula. The 4CO₂and 2ATP's are not used as reactants in the last stage.
•In stage 4, the electron transport system, all the 12H are used as well as 3 more O₂. 6H₂O (water molecules) are left, and 32ATP's are produced.

We started with one glucose molecule, and along the way added 3 oxygen molecules, then 3 more.
Here is total what was used, and what is left:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ +  6H₂O + energy (36ATP's)
This is cellular respiration, and the formula is the opposite of photosynthesis.
In cellular respiration, we use glucose and oxygen in our bodies. We get carbon dioxide (which we breathe out as a waste product), water, and energy. Our catalyst to speed up this process is enzymes.
A plant uses the energy from the sun, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose for itself, and gives off its waste product of oxygen. Remember, the catalyst for plants is chlorophyll.
There is a video on the MMCD, but you really need to study your textbook first, and what I have written here.

(9) p. 186-189 ATP and ADP
Adenosine Triphospate (one adenosine and three phosphates)
Adenosine Diphosphate (one adenosine and two phosphates)

Synthesized means produced.
Making ATP from ADP in the Mitochondrion

►Please watch this very thorough video of How Cells Obtain Energy.

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DAY OFF!
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complete study guide
Go to at least one of these links each day to study the organelles you are learning.
♦ Centre of the Cell Watch the moving parts of cells. Click on the white circle connected to an organelle to see the name and function. Very simple and easy to understand. Does not include all the organelles, though.
♦ Cells Alive! See if you can recognize and name all the organelles. Read the organelles at the bottom and see if you can find them in the picture. Hover your mouse over an organelle to see if you are correct.

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study

Go to at least one of these links each day to study the organelles you are learning.
♦ Centre of the Cell Watch the moving parts of cells. Click on the white circle connected to an organelle to see the name and function. Very simple and easy to understand. Does not include all the organelles, though.
♦ Cells Alive! See if you can recognize and name all the organelles. Read the organelles at the bottom and see if you can find them in the picture. Hover your mouse over an organelle to see if you are correct.
♦ Virtual 3D Cell Hover your mouse over the 3D cell. Click on the organelles you are learning for more information and a closer view. Some can zoom or rotate. Some will open for you to see inside. If it says click next, click one of the arrows on the left. ►◄ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

study
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study & turn in lab book
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take module #6 test

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Resource Log

Sunday, June 30, 2013

Apologia Biology Module#6

ALWAYS:

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