ALWAYS:
- know that when you see the word 'read' you can access the audio version on Audible on the iPod nano
- have your book open as you listen to the module on Audible so that you can see the illustrations etc. and so you know when/where to stop
- Read each section and do the OYO as you get to them. Do not continue reading (listening) until you have completed the OYO questions and checked your answers against those at the end of the module.
- Spend 5-15 minutes on Quizlet to work on the vocabulary words for each section and the previous section's words as you complete each reading assignment.
- complete the study guide for each module
- if you don't understand a concept/section/topic go to the bottom of this post and check the 'extra help' links. If something is very interesting to you, check the 'interesting links' section for that module at the bottom of this post.
Supplies
Sugar Tablespoon Water A small glass A paper napkin Cellophane tape Plastic wrap Three coffee mugs One fresh, raw egg A measuring cup for liquids A tape measure White vinegar Clear sugar syrup (like Karo® syrup) Distilled water (You can purchase this at any large supermarket.) Part of a fresh pineapple (It cannot be canned. It must be fresh.) A blender or fine cheese grater Three small bowls A small box of Jell-O® gelatin mix - any flavor (Generic brands work just as well.) Pot Stove Refrigerator Two tablespoons
Day 1 read 125-128
Wow. I am once again amazed as I read this module and see how complicated Life really is, knowing that this just scratches the surface of the complexities of God's creation. (1) p. 125-128 Atoms: The Basic Building Blocks of Matter Atoms & Electrons
The Structure of an Atom. I think at 4:00 minutes, he may have meant that "electrons would be like little pieces of dust flying around." ►Click to play an Elements Math Game. ►Uncheck Neutrons and Nucleons, unless you are familiar with these. Choose how many you would like to practice. Play as many times as you like. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Day 2 read 128-131(2) p. 128-129 Elements ►Memorize Table 5.1 on p. 129. Be able to name them without looking. Know how to spell them correctly. These are important, and you will see these six elements mentioned several times throughout the module. ►You need to know the difference between S-32 (or ³²S) and just plain S, and other elements and atoms like these. Be able to explain in sentences what the differences are. ►And know what the number 32 means. Or whatever number is written with any atom. ►Click to play the Elements Math Game again. This time, only uncheck Nucleons. The Elements►See this awesome chart of the Periodic Table of the Elements with pictures! (3) p. 130-131 Molecules Remember, ³²S or S is only one element - Sulfur. Some elements do have two letters (such as Fe), but only the first letter is ever capitalized. That is how you know how many different elements there are in a chemical formula. ►How many different kinds of elements are in CO2? (Two - Carbon and Oxygen) How many elements are in Nb2O2? (Two) ►How many total atoms are in CO2? (Three - 1 of Carbon and 2 of Oxygen) So how many atoms are in Nb2O2? (Four) Atoms in Molecules ►Is CO2 the same as ²CO? One of these is not anything. Which is it? Why? ►Is CH4 an element, atom, or a molecule? Why? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
(4) p. 133-138 Physical Change Diffusion and Osmosis ►Video explaining Diffusion - then take the quiz! (more videos on the side) Thanks to Julie for posting this link. =) ►In your notebook, draw, label, and write the descriptions of Figure 5.2, The Difference between Diffusion and Osmosis.Day 3 read 132-135 do ex 5.1Day 4 read 135-136 do ex 5.2read 136-138Draw the beginning and end stages for both Diffusion and Osmosis. (1) the dividing membrane (solid line for semipermeable ( ___ ), dashed line (- - -) for fully permeable), (2) the solvent in correct volumes on each side of the membrane, and (3) the solute in correct concentrations on each side of the membrane.(4) Write the descriptions.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
►An excellent animation. It starts out showing diffusion. Then you add salt (a solute) and it changes to osmosis. ►The figure on the right represents the end stage for Osmosis. → --The dividing center line is solid ( ___ ), not dashed (- - -). A solid line indicates a semipermeable membrane. (partly permeable) --Only a solvent can pass thru a semipermeable membrane, so the solvent is attracted to the side of the membrane that has a higher concentration of a solute. --Like in your experiment 5.2, the water that is in vinegar was drawn to the thicker center of the raw egg. The water could pass thru the semipermeable membrane of the egg. Later, the water that was in the vinegar was drawn to the thick Karo syrup, so it seeped out of the egg into the syrup. In the last step of my experiment when I put the egg in distilled water, the egg absorbed more water than it did vinegar in the first step. So maybe water
Osmosis has smaller molecules?Hmmmm. I should email Apologia about that. No, they said that vinegar is made up of LOTS of solute, and only a little water. That is why not as much liquid went into the egg as when it was in distilled water. --In this figure, only the solvent can pass thru the semipermeable membrane, and in the end the concentration of solute is evened out in the solvent. ►In diffusion, both the solute that is in the high concentration area and the solvent can pass freely back and forth through the fully permeable membrane, so the water level would stay the same on both sides, but still the concentration of solute would get evened out in the solvent.(5) p. 139-140 Chemical Change ►Click to play Balancing Act! at Jefferson Lab. ►Choose Beginner. You will see an equation with a space in front of one of the formulas.Day 5 read 138-140
| Like this: 4Nb + O2 → 2Nb2O5 | |||||||||
►First, study the following.
Physical Change:
1) Atoms do not rearrange (switch partners).
2) Only physical properties change. Chemical properties do not change.
3) Physical changes are generally easy to reverse.
4) No energy is produced by the substance.
Example of all of the above: An ice cube (H2O) melts in the sun and turns into water (H2O).
Chemical Change:
1) Atoms are rearranged into different molecules. There will be a new chemical formula.
2) Both physical and chemical properties are changed.
3) Changes are not reversible without another reaction.
4) Energy is often produced (fire or heat, for example, or energy for humans or plants).
► Next, go to this worksheet on Physical and Chemical changes. See if you know if the changes are physical or chemical.
Click on "Go to the worksheet answers" to see how you did. If you got some wrong, try to figure out why.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Day 6 read 140-142(6) p. 140-142a Photosynthesis In photosynthesis, a plant takes (1) carbon dioxide, (2) water, and (3) the energy from sunlight and converts them into (A) a simple sugar called glucose which the plant needs for food, and into (B) oxygen which it does not need, but gives off for us to breathe. (there is a fourth thing needed, mentioned below) "Carbon dioxide and water interact to make glucose and oxygen." Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen --But it takes 6 molecules of carbon dioxide and 6 molecules of water to get 1 molecule of glucosefor the plant, and 6 molecules of oxygen left over. The oxygen is sometimes called a by-product or waste product. It isn't waste to us, but it is to the plant.6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2Memorize this chemical equation. Know the elements in each molecule, and what molecule they combine to make. (For example, H2O is 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen. Together they make water) ►The molecules to the left of the arrow are called reactants. They react to make a product. So the 6 molecules of carbon dioxide and 2 molecules of water are the reactants.6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2The molecules to the right of the arrow are called products. So the 1 molecule of glucose and 6 molecules of oxygen are the products. They are produced as a result of the chemical reaction. ►►In order for photosynthesis to happen, more is needed than just carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. A fourth thing is needed called a catalyst, which speeds up a process. And in a plant that catalyst is usually chlorophyll. Chlorophyll, a green pigment, exists in a part of the leaf calledchloroplasts. The job of chlorophyll is to speed up photosynthesis so plants will have enough glucose for food.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Day 7 read 142-146(7) p. 142, Organic Chemistry ►An organic molecule is one that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous. If you memorized these last week, you will easily recognize these six elements. Look in your textbook on p. 142 for examples of organic molecules and some that are not, and why. Memorize these. ►Photosynthesis is an example of biosynthesis since photosynthesis takes smaller molecules (water and carbon dioxide) and makes a larger one (glucose).6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2(8) p. 142-146 Carbohydrates ►Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. You can see the 'carbo' in the name, for carbon. And hydrogen and oxygen make water, thus 'hydrate' in the word carbohydrate. You may know that carbohydrates give you energy, and you've learned that glucose is a simple sugar. Look at a molecule of glucose: C6H12O6 You can see there are 6 atoms of carbon, 12 of hydrogen, and 6 of oxygen. There are twice as many hydrogen atoms as there are oxygen. This is the same ratio as one molecule of water, H2O. ►When a molecule of glucose is drawn in structural formula, it shows which atoms are linked to which. When the atoms are linked in a straight line, we call it a chain structure. (on the left below) The chain structure of the glucose molecule below has a line of Carbon atoms, called a carbon chain. But many atoms have more than one structural formula. The most commonly accepted form of glucose is the ring structure. These diagrams are not drawn exactly like the ones in the textbook, but if you look closely and compare to those in your textbook, you can see these indeed do represent glucose. In the ring structure on the right below ↓, CH2OH consists of the same atoms as drawn in your textbook, and the same as the chain structure here on the left, where C links to 2 H's, and to OH. You will remember in your textbook, in the chain formation, one oxygen atom had 2 lines linking to a carbon atom. Here in the chain formation on the left, the solitary oxygen atom does have 2 links. If you look carefully and find that same oxygen atom in the ring formation on the right, you will again see the oxygen has 2 links linking to carbon. ETA: You will notice that the Oxygen is always connected to the Carbon. That is why in the chain structure here on this blog, HO is written instead of OH. The chain structure is vertical, so HO must be written this way so that the O is connected to the C. (I emailed Apologia; ha, I am not that smart!) I was also told whether it was written as OH or HO did not matter as long as the Oxygen was attached to the Carbon. This is not apparent in the figures in your textbook, as the picture is drawn horizontally, and the connecting line seems to attach to both the O and H, but here it is clear that the Carbon is attached directly to the Oxygen.She says, "...it is very polar... to which water molecules can hydrogen bond." You may remember from Physical Science that water has a hydrogen bond and is polar.
(8b) p.144, Isomers (Carbohydrates, cont.) Isomers are two different molecules that have the exact same chemical formula. They are different molecules because of their different structural formulas.Glucose and Fructose are isomers. They have the same atoms (C6H12O6), but in their structuralformula, their atoms are linked together slightly differently. This is the reason they taste different. (8c) p. 145-146 (Carbohydrates, cont.) Glucose and fructose are monosaccharides, also called simple sugars. You may know that the prefix mono- means one. Disaccharides are carbohydrates made up of two monosaccharides. You may remember that Carbon-Dioxide (CO2) has one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. Di- means two. Polysaccharides are made up of more than two monosaccharides. Poly- means many. Table sugar is not glucose (a monosaccharide), but is a disaccharide called sucrose. Sucrose is formed when glucose and fructose (which are isomers) chemically react in adehydration reaction. When something is dehydrated, water is removed. So from the combined molecules of glucose and fructose, H2O is removed, and the result is sucrose (a dehydration reaction) -- C12H22O11C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2ORemember, sucrose is a disaccharide because it was formed from two monosaccharides in the process of dehydration. ►What two molecules combine in a dehydration reaction to make the disaccharide lactose? When several monosaccharides link together, it is called a polysaccharide. Polysaccharides aren't usually sweet. An example is starch, and is found in most plants. When a plant has extra monosaccharides, it will store them as polysaccharides by having many dehydration reactions that link the monosaccharides together. Kind of like when your Mom has a lot of a apples, she may dehydrate some to use in baking later, except in a dehydration reaction, not only do the monosaccharides lose water, they are actually combined into polysaccharides. If they are now polysaccharides because they have lost water, what will the plant do to turn them back into monosaccharides? The opposite of dehydration is hydration. The plant breaks down disaccharides or polysaccharides back into their monosaccharide components by adding water. This is called hydrolysis. (Think of the word hydrate.) When humans and animal have excess carbohydrates, their bodies make a starch called glycogen. So the reverse of the dehydration of fructose and glucose to form sucrose, would be hydrolysis ofsucrose to make glucose and fructose. This chemical reaction is achieved by honeybees when they make honey. ►If you want, you can read more here about this and other processes we have studied. Also see "Respiration" which is mentioned in the next Module. See if you recognize the molecules. =)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Day 8 TOTAL READING 146-149p. 146-147, Organic Acids and Bases Acids usually taste sour, while bases tend to taste bitter. Fruit juice contains acid, and many cleaning products contain bases.
If acids and bases react together, they usually form water and another class of molecule called "salts." Table salt is one example.
►Organic acids contain a certain pattern of atoms bonded together: Oxygen has a double bond with Carbon, indicated by 2 lines, and the Carbon has a bond with OH. (O=C-OH) This pattern is called an acid group. → (In the chain structure of glucose on p. 143 (top of page), you see a double bond of C with O, but that same C does not bond directly with OH, that molecule does not contain an acid group, and therefore is not an organic acid.) When you see this grouping withinin a molecule, you will know the molecule is an organic acid. This special grouping is NOT a molecule by itself; it is a grouping that can be IN a molecule.
Acid Group
← This molecule has an acid group in it, so the whole molecule is an organic acid. ►Organic bases have a group of atoms in common called the amine group, but in this chapter, organic bases are just mentioned and not discussed. If you or someone you know has a pool, you know that they may use pool strips to check the pH of the water to keep it from turning green! Keeping the pH balanced is necessary for clean water. The pH of substances other than water can also be measured. ►See videos of what we did. (scroll down) The pH scale runs from 0-14. For solutions measuring lower pH than 7, the lower the pH, the more acid. For solutions having a pH higher than 7, the higher the pH, the more like a base the solution becomes. These are said to be alkaline. Look at the chart on p. 147 to see which substances are acids or bases, and which are neutral.
This molecule has an acid group, so this molecule is an organic acid.
(10) p. 148-149, Lipids Lipids (or fats) link to glycerol in a dehydration reaction. One glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules have a dehydration reaction to make 1 lipid molecule and 3 water molecules. Lipids cannot be dissolved in water. An example is cooking oil. Lipids are said to behydrophobic. This does not mean it is afraid of water, haha, but that is a good way to remember it. =) Animals can convert excess carbohydrates into glycogen, but lipids can actually store twice as much energy for when food is scarce. Saturated fats are called "saturated" because they have all the hydrogens it can take. It is "saturated" with hydrogen. These saturated fats have no double bonds between carbons. Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Do not watch this until after you have thoroughly studied pages 148-149. Then watch it twice and try to catch all the things you have learned. =)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Day 9 read 149-154 do ex. 5.3
p. 149b-154, Proteins and Enzymes Proteins come in many different shapes and sizes and are very complex. Their basic building blocks are amino acids. When amino acids link up using a dehydration reaction, a peptide bondforms. The structural formula for a protein very complex. An average amino acid has about 20-40 atoms, and the most simple protein has 124 amino acids. But an average protein has several thousand amino acids! Enzymes are a special class of proteins that act as catalysts. For animals, these catalysts speed up the breaking down process of polysaccharides and disaccharides. Most enzymes do their job based on the shape that the enzyme molecule has. After studying 151-152 and Figure 5.9, watch this video. Remember, lactose is a disaccharide. If the particular enzyme in someone's body that is specifically designed for the lactose disaccharide is unable to work properly, a person will not be able to digest the lactose that is in milk. There are medicines to help this, however. ►Be able to explain what happened in Experiment 5.3, The Fragility of an Enzyme. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
take module #5 testDay 10 read 154-156
p. 154-156, DNA ►Study Figure 5.10 as you read the text, learning the parts of a DNA strand. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is formed in a double chain. These two chains are made up of three basic parts:
The nucleotide's base can be one of four different types: adenine, thymine, guanine, orcytosine. Notice which pairs are consistently linked together in this image. (source) The phosphate groups link to the deoxyribose units, which is what the outer "rails" of the DNA strand is made of. Click for a cool DNA game. =)
- deoxyribose (a simple sugar that contains 5 carbons)
- a phosphate group (an arrangement of 3 things: phosphorous, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms - see the picture on the right of Figure 5.10 in your textbook)
- a nucleotide base
Day 11 complete study guideDay 12 study and turn in lab book
Interesting links related to Module #5
Biographical page taken
from Nobelprize.org.
Web site is a simple
look at matter, its phases, and mixtures.Well worth the review.
This page allows the
student to see the organization of the elements in chart form.The site
functions as an encyclopedia of the elements.Each atomic symbol is clickable,
which gives the student a reference page on the element of study.
Tutorial site on
osmosis.Has some wonderful pictures of cells exposed to hypertonic, hypotonic,
and isotonic solutions at the bottom of the page.
Photo gallery of
electron microscope pictures of the structure of DNA, proteins, lipids and
carbohydrates.
Interactive page which
allows you to click on different categories of molecules and view their
structure.
Links that contain extra help for the
topics in Module #5
Matter is everywhere.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Everyone is made up of
matter that is constantly experiencing both chemical and physical changes.This
site is an interactive discussion of these topics.Detailed are additional labs
not found in your text which are suitable for science fair projects.
Atoms are made up of 3
types of particles electrons, protons and neutrons.These particles have
different properties.Electrons are tiny, very light particles that have a
negative electrical charge (-). Protons are much larger and heavier than
electrons and have the opposite charge, protons have a positive charge
(+).Neutrons are large and heavy like protons, however neutrons have no
electrical charge.Each atom is made up of a combination of these particles.This
page explains the Bohr model of the hydrogen and helium atoms.Also provided is
a discussion of ions and isotopes.
Reference pages for the
six biologically important elements follow:
Life as we know it on
planet Earth would cease if not for this important molecule.This page details
some of the interesting properties of the water molecule.
Site is an interactive
tutorial on diffusion and osmosis.If you are struggling with these concepts,
this site will help clear up the mud.
This is an excellent
video on osmosis.
Site is a college-level
discussion of photosynthesis, leaves and leaf structure, the nature of light,
and chlorophyll and accessory pigments.This site will be revisited during
Module 15.Site contains evolutionary contain.
A carbohydrate is an
organic compound that is composed of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a
ratio of 1 carbon atom, 2 hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom. Some carbohydrates
are relatively small molecules.The most important to life on earth is glucose,
which has 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms.This page
details the structure of this and other important carbohydrate molecules.
Carbohydrates are
naturally occurring polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones, or they are
compounds that react with water to give these compounds.They include sugars,
starches, cellulose, and similar substances.This page provides great graphics
into the different types and structures of these biologically important
molecules.
Illustrated site which
contains a discussion of pH and relative acidity and alkalinity
Lipids are largely
hydrocarbon like, and therefore do not dissolve in water.Lipids are nonpolar
and dissolve in nonpolar solvents like diethyl ether and benzene.The lipid
family is very large and diverse.It includes cholesterol, hormones, and the
edible fats and oils we eat.They are also a structural component found in the
cell’s plasma membrane.
The proteins are a huge
family that make up about half the human body's dry weight.They are found
everywhere in all living organisms.They can function as a building material, in
teeth and bones and muscles, and they can serve as enzymes, hormones, and
neurotransmitters.Proteins consist of macromolecules called polypeptides, made
from monomers called amino acids.Most proteins also include traces of other
organic molecules or metal ions, which give it its characteristic biological
function.This page provides the student with an in depth look at how amino
acids are formed and proteins are structured.
Both DNA and RNA have a
similar structure.They consist of a chain of deoxyribose or ribose sugars
linked by phosphate groups with side chain bases.This site provides some
wonderful structural information on DNA and RNA.
Advanced topics related to Module #5
Want more on chemical
structure? Can’t wait until chemistry class? This site will blow you away.It
provide an in depth, college-level look at atomic structure.
Great site with multiple
helps regarding chemistry and atomic structure.
Site is a 34
illustrated, Power Point, slide presentation on energy flow within living
systems.Great discussion on catalysts near the end of the presentation.
Site provides an
advanced look at osmosis and diffusion from the University of Vermont.Page has
some Java animations that clearly show how osmosis and diffusion work.
Advanced lab on
diffusion and osmosis including information on how diffusion rates and osmotic
pressures are calculated and membrane transport of gases occurs.
This wonderful,
interactive site provides the student with an in depth look at photosynthesis
and the reactions involved.Tremendously interesting.You will never consider
plants “simple” forms again after viewing this series of pages.
Web site from the
Virtual Chembook.Site provides great graphics regarding the lock and key theory
of enzyme activity.
Have you even wanted to
build a DNA molecule? This awesome, interactive site provides the student with
an in depth look at DNA structure.The site allows the student to begin with the
basic structural elements and, by clicking on arrows, piece the DNA molecule
together.Tremendously interesting and entertaining site.
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