ALWAYS:
- know that when you see the word 'read' you can access the audio version on Audible on the iPod nano
- have your book open as you listen to the module on Audible so that you can see the illustrations etc. and so you know when/where to stop
- Read each section and do the OYO as you get to them. Do not continue reading (listening) until you have completed the OYO questions and checked your answers against those at the end of the module.
- Spend 5-15 minutes on Quizlet to work on the vocabulary words for each section and the previous section's words as you complete each reading assignment.
- complete the study guide for each module
- if you don't understand a concept/section/topic go to the bottom of this post and check the 'extra help' links. If something is very interesting to you, check the 'interesting links' section for that module at the bottom of this post.
Microscope Prepared slide: sponge Prepared slide: Hydra Prepared slide: planarian Colored pencils Natural sponges (optional) Dissecting tools and tray that came with your dissection kit Earthworm specimen
Module #11 - Invertebratesread 329-331
(1) p. 329-331, Symmetry First let's learn a little about symmetry. If something is symmetrical, it is usually thought of as being the same on both sides. There is actually more than one type of symmetry.
- Spherical symmetry is when an organism can be cut into two identical halves by any cut that runs through its center. A ball has spherical symmetry. That's easy, right?
- Radial symmetry is when an organism can be cut into two identical halves by any longitudinal cut through its center. This might be from the top, any cut. Like an oatmeal box can be cut from the top by any cut running straight down through the center.
- Bilateral symmetry is when an organism can be cut into two identical halves by a single longitudinal cut (only one option, not "any longitudinal cut" as in radial symmetry) along its center which divides it into right and left halves.
If you think about the names of these types of symmetry, you can easily see why they are named this way. A lot of things have bilateral symmetry. You can probably look around and see a few things right off. YOU even have bilateral symmetry. Probably not exactly, as the two sides of everyone's faces are not an exact replica. So these symmetry distinctions are not perfect. Your internal organs are not the same on both sides of your body, either. Notice the terms on the crayfish above:
(Source)
A shark has an anterior dorsal fin and a posterior dorsal fin. This indicates which is in front of the other; they are both on its back. Something can also be "anterior to" another body part, meaning it is in front of it, and "posterior to" another body part would mean it is in back of it.
- Dorsal - referring to the back, or it might seem to be the top if the animal is not upright like a human, but it is its back. Like a dorsal fin on the back of a fish.
- Ventral - referring to the front, or belly-side of an organism.
- Anterior - in front of, or the end that contains an organism's head.
- Posterior - in back of, or the end that contains an organism's tail.
read 331-335 ex. 11.1
2) p. 332-335a, Phylum Porifera: The Sponges Did you know that sponges are animals? Really! They are not plants. They can't think; they have no internal organs, no blood, no eyes or ears, but they can reproduce, digest food, and protect themselves. If you have a sponge from the ocean, it is no longer living. It would need to stay in the ocean in its environment to be able to eat and stay alive. How a sponge eats:
read 335-342 ex. 11.2
(3) p. 335-341, Phylum Cnidaria There are 2 Multi-media Companion CD videos to watch for this section. Members of this phylum have two basic forms, polyp and medusa.
- In the polyp form, the cnidarian (nih dahr' ee un) is tubelike with a mouth and tentacles at one end, and a basal disk at the other. A basal disk just means it is circular at the base, often used for attaching itself to something, and there is no opening. Like a stalk of celery.
- In the medusa form, it is free-swimming, with a bell-shaped body and tentacles. (You may have heard of Medusa from Greek mythology -- ewww!) It is in this form that we often think of the jellyfish, although a jellyfish has a polyp stage too.
►See diagram of a jellyfish life cycle.The members of phylum Cnidaria have some characteristics that are common to all members of this phylum. Epithelium, mesoglea, and nematocyts, and more. Read p. 356-357 to understand what they are. If you've ever been stung by a jellyfish, you'll easily understand about nematocysts. I've been stung by one, but it was mild thankfully. I was in the Gulf of Mexico. The waters there are so warm! But where we were, there were plenty of jellyfish. They looked like clearish-white blobs, aimlessly floating around under the surface of the water. We loved the warm water! But didn't stay in long because of the jellyfish. =( Cnidarians do not all sting because of being touched. Some will only sting because of a chemical reaction. A jellyfish or a hydra will sting anything they touch. A sea anemone (uh nim' uh nee)will only sting because of a chemical reaction. For this reason, it will not sting a clownfish for example. Remember in Finding Nemo, clownfish would live IN a sea anemone. Click for a video of nematocysts firing.read 342-347(5) p. 347b-350a, Experiment 11.3, Earthworm Dissection Earthworm Anatomy
(4) p. 342-347, Phylum Annelida This phylum is made up of worms. There are quite a few kinds of worms, so many in fact, that this phylum is made up of only one type - the segmented worm. A worm that looks as if it is in segments, or little sections. An earthworm is perhaps the most common; at least it's what I think of when I think of a segmented worm. Which I do not think of very often! =) An earthworm has an anterior end, and a posterior end. The anterior end is where the mouth is, and is usually a little more pointed. The clitellum is located nearer to this end. The posterior end is where the, um... posterior is located! =D (Look back up at the bilateral symmetry of the crayfish to see "anterior" and "posterior." Also know that "dorsal" fins are on the backs of fish, because "dorsal" means back.) Just looking at the parts of an earthworm makes one realize there is much more to the earthworm than one might think! Again, I marvel at the Creator and His designs. =)
I could not find a video that goes over the feeding habits of earthworms, or the respiratory, circulatory, and reproductive systems. So I guess you'll have to study. < gasp! > =D Writing down your vocabulary words as you go will help a lot. Here's a video of a close up. You can see the setae, which are little bristles. You may have felt them before. This is what an earthworm uses to help him move.
After the dissection: -Squirmin' Herman the Worm - review the parts, then do the quiz. (easy) -See if you can label the parts of this worm. (a little harder)read 350-352 ex. 11.4(6) p. 350-352, Phylum Platyhelminthes: The Planarian Wow, planarians are really flat!
Planarians have bilateral symmetry.read 352-356(7) p. 352b-354, Phylum Nematoda This phylum is made up of parasites. The most common name for one parasite is ringworm. Another is Trichinella spiralis, worms that live in the intestines of pigs and certain other game animals. These can only be gotten rid of by extremely cold or extremely hot temperatures. This is why it is important to practice careful handling of raw meat, and cooking it thoroughly. In the Old Testament, there were certain laws that may seem drastic to us today. They were not allowed to eat pork, for instance. Leviticus 11:7 says, "And the swine, though he divide the hoof, and be clovenfooted, yet he cheweth not the cud; he is unclean to you." But these laws were for protection. God knew that people then did not have the means we do today to ensure correct processing of meat.
(8) p. 354b-356, Phylum Mollusca This phylum contains many organisms besides snails, such as clams, oysters, squid, etc. Snails are a good example. Study your textbook for the different parts of a snail, then watch the snail use its radula to eat lettuce.
complete study guide
Interesting links related to Module #11
Virtual tour of the
famed Monterey Bay Aquarium.Site includes live-feed camera images and video of
the creatures studied in Module 11.Contains evolutionary content.
Great image of this
fascinating coral colony.Picture is worth the peek.
Great set of lighted
pictures of jellyfish.This site really helps the student appreciate the beauty
of this group of organisms.
Links that contain extra help for the
topics in Module #11
Site provides the
student with multiple links to different sites regarding animal classification
and characteristics.Contains evolutionary content.
Sponges are a diverse
group of sometimes common types, with about 5000 species known across the
world. Sponges are primarily marine, but around 150 species live in fresh
water. Sponges have cellular-level organization, meaning that that their cells
are specialized so that different cells perform different functions, but
similar cells are not organized into tissues and bodies are a sort of loose
aggregation of different kinds of cells.This awesome web page from Animal
Diversity Web provides a detailed look at the phylum and its organisms.
Sponges are supported by
either spicules or spongin.This page shows the composition of and explains the
function of spicules and spongin.
A sponge is typically
separated into three layers: the outer layer is the epidermis, the inner layer
is the inner cells, and the mesenchyme in between these two layers.Amebocytes
are cells that take care of digestion and exchange gases with the tissue and
the surroundings.They travel freely through the mesenchyme and transport
nutrients and gases from place to place.This page shows the interplay between
the layers and amebocytes.
The Phylum Cnidaria
includes such diverse forms as jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, and corals.This
wonderful web page from Animal Diversity Web provides a detailed look at the
phylum and its organisms.Contains evolutionary content
Graphic shows the
undischarged nematocyst of a hydra.
Graphic shows a
discharged nematocyst of a hydra.
The annelids include
earthworms, polychaete worms, and leeches. All members of the group are to some
extent segmented, in other words, made up of segments that are formed by
subdivisions that partially transect the body cavity.This wonderful web page
from Animal Diversity Web provides a detailed look at the phylum and its
organisms.Contains evolutionary content
In this earthworm
dissection website, click on a the name of the structure to see a picture with
that structure pointed out.
Images on this page are
designed to help you review materials you studied in the laboratory. These
images can be most useful to you if you try to identify labeled structures
before clicking to obtain answers.
Summary page about
flatworm metabolism and culture requirements.I use the page as a review tool in
my classes.
Flatworms are
unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical worms that lack a coelom (acoelomate) but
that do have three germ layers. Some forms are free living but many are
parasitic.Great page for extended learning about this amazing phylum.Contains
evolutionary content
Superior roundworm
information page from a veterinary health web site.
Unlike many parasites
that demonstrate a high degree of host specificity, Trichinella spiralis, the
trichina worm, can be found in many species of carnivores and omnivores.Animals
are infected with T. spiralis when they ingest infective larvae (juveniles) in
raw or undercooked meat.To completely kill the trichina worm cysts in pork, the
meat must be frozen at 5 oF for 21 days or -22 oF for 25 hours.Clearly, such
processing was not available to the people of Old Testament times; thus, God
decided to protect His people from trichinosis by simply forbidding them to eat
pork.Contains evolutionary content
The mollusks are an
interesting group.This fantastic web page from Animal Diversity Web provides
eleven pages of pictures.Contains evolutionary content
Mollusca This page
provides a great list of additional resources for this phylum.
Advanced topics related to Module #11
All animals are members
of the Kingdom Animalia, also called Metazoa. This Kingdom does not contain the
prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera, includes bacteria, blue-green algae) or the
protists (Kingdom Protista, includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms). All
members of the Animalia are multicellular, and all are heterotrophs (that is,
they rely directly or indirectly on other organisms for their nourishment).
Most ingest food and digest it in an internal cavity.This site helps the
student investigate the Kingdom.Great pictures and sound bites on this
site.Contains evolutionary content
College-level discussion
of the phylum.Has some great links to follow regarding the various organisms.
Earthworms have circular
muscles which stretch their bodies.They also have longitudinal muscles which
contract their bodies.Human muscle is one of the two excitable tissues of the
body. Its major function is to provide movement of the body, and movement of
structures within the body.In addition to these activities, muscle also serves
some protective functions, particularly in the anterior abdominal wall.This web
page helps the student view the structural similarity to earthworm and human
muscle tissue.
This website contains a
good discussion of planaria. Contains evolutionary content
Should your student want
more lab work, here is a source from which you can order live hydra to grow and
observe.
Should your student want
more lab work, here is a source from which you can order live planaria.
A source for many
different kinds of live organisms. Please note that they use the old name,
Coelenterates, when refering to cnidarians.
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