know that when you see the word 'read' you can access the audio version on Audible on the iPod nano
have your book open as you listen to the module on Audible so that you can see the illustrations etc. and so you know when/where to stop
Read each section and do the OYO as you get to them. Do not continue reading (listening) until you have completed the OYO questions and checked your answers against those at the end of the module.
Spend 5-15 minutes on Quizlet to work on the vocabulary words for each section and the previous section's words as you complete each reading assignment.
complete the study guide for each module
if you don't understand a concept/section/topic go to the bottom of this post and check the 'extra help' links. If something is very interesting to you, check the 'interesting links' section for that module at the bottom of this post.
Blender
Plastic bowl
Toothpick
Clear liquid hand soap or dish soap (The liquid hand soap tends to work just a bit better, and colorless will work a bit better than soap that is tinted with a color.)
Salt
Water
Strainer
Small glass
Meat tenderizer (Make sure it has been bought within the last year or so.)
Rubbing alcohol
½ cup of split peas
Measuring cups and spoons
Flashlight
Microscope
Prepared slide of Allium (onion) root tip
Prepared slide of Ascaris Mitosis
read 198-201 (2) p. 198b-200, Protein Synthesis - Part 1: Transcription"Synthesis" means the making of or production.
The point of the next 2 sections is to show how proteins are made from DNA.
Cells synthesize, or make, proteinsthat result in the traits that DNA gives us. The cell's genes determine what kinds of protein a cell will make, which determines the job of that particular cell. A scribe is someone who writes down a copy. You can see the word scribe in transcribe, and scriptin transcription. Transcription means to copy or transcribe. Something called RNA is what helps make the copy of DNA, which is in the nucleus of the cell. RNA looks like DNA, but it ends up being only a single strand of nucleotide bases.The differences between DNA and RNA are:
DNA: has nucleotide base pairs of cytosine & guanine, and adenine & thymine.►See diagram of DNA strand. (source)RNA: has individual nucleotide bases of cytosine, guanine, adenine, and uracil, but they are not in any particular order yet. They will match up to corresponding DNA nucleotides so they will be in the correct order for transcription (copying)--There are two nucleotides that are different - uracil in RNA, and thymine in DNA.Uracil in RNA will match up to adenine in DNA. Adenine in RNA will match up to thymine in DNA, so U-A, and A-T.DNA:has deoxyribose (on the "rail" of the "ladder").RNA: has ribose. DNA: is twisted in a double helix of paired nucleotides.RNA: usually in a single strand of joined nucleotides.►See diagram of DNA and nucleotides.Only a certain section of DNA will be copied. As this section of the DNA strand unwinds, individualRNA nucleotides match up to compatible DNA nucleotides and take a "negative snapshot" of the DNA code. For example, if the DNA has a nucleotide of guanine, an individual nucleotide of RNAcytosine will match to it. If the DNA has a nucleotide of adenine, an individual nucleotide of RNAuracil will match to it.Before, the RNA nucleotides were individuals, and not in a strand since they had to match up to the DNA in the correct order. Now they are a "negative" copy of the DNA, and will be used by the ribosome to make a protein.This is copying, or transcribing the DNA code.
(3) p. 201- 204, Protein Synthesis - Part 2: Translation Transcription and Translation. A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids. Poly means many.
If there is no video below with a guy in a pink shirt, then click here for a link. Scroll down to the appropriate video.After the RNA "negative" of the DNA is made, the RNA takes this negative out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm to a ribosome. Because of this, it is called messenger RNA, or mRNA. Near the ribosome is a different kind of RNA called transfer RNA, or tRNA. This tRNA contains a special sequence of three nucleotides called an anticodon.A special sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA is called a codon.The codon and anticodon aren't just any three nucleotides, but certain various combinations.The tRNA is bonded to an amino acid, but only a certain type of amino acid will bond to a certain sequence of three nucleotides in the tRNA.For example, if the three-nucleotide anticodon is made up of uracil, uracil, and cytosine, the tRNA is bonded to the amino acid lysine. (p. 202 shows a few more combinations).A codon on mRNA attracts a specific amino acid. Then the tRNA links up to the mRNA.After the tRNA links up to the mRNA, the amino acids on each of the tRNA anticodons bind together to make a protein. The chain of amino acids that make a protein is called a polypeptide. (poly- means many)(The first 30 seconds of this video are the same as a video already posted, but good to see it again.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo
Learn the difference between mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon, and how a chain of amino acids form a protein. A stop codon is a special codon that signals the stopping point for translation.Learn which codon is the starting point for Translation (which 3 letters). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6O6uRb1D38
Through studying DNA, a man realizes only God could have created all this! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvtvqGdMJbo
►To practice what you've learned, go to the DNA Workshop. Click on DNA Workshop Activity, then in the pop-up window on the top right, click on Protein Synthesis.Follow the directions to first build RNA, then match tRNA anticodons to mRNA codons to build proteins from the amino acids.
If you don't understand this, go back and watch all the above videos, and re-read the textbook.
Mitosis is the growth of new cells, either to replace damaged cells, or for a growing person or unborn baby.
But before Mitosis begins its 4 stages, the DNA that is in the nucleus must duplicate itself into sister chromatids, then coil up into chromosomes.
read 211-213 (5) p. 211-213a, Diploid and Haploid Cells--All living things have different numbers of chromosomes. An onion has 16 chromosomes in each cell; a horse has 64; and a carp has 104.--Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell. The chromosomes are in pairs, so humans have 23 pairs in each cell. Each pair consists of similar types of chromosomes, and therefore they are called homologous chromosome pairs, or homologous pairs. Homo- means same, but homologous means similar, but not identical.Each chromosome is attached to its sister chromatid (its duplicated chromosome) at the centromere, giving them their X shape. Two sets of these make a pair of similar, homologous chromosomes. XX.--The 23rd pair of chromosomes are chromosomes that determine sex. In a female these are both X chromosomes, or XX, but in a male, they are XY. So in males, the 23rd pair is not homologous.►See image of Human Chromosomes
Read carefully.
--When a cell's chromosomes come in pairs, it is called a diploid cell. XX, XX, etc.--Cells with chromosomes that do not come in pairs are called haploid cells. A haploid cell has only one representative of each chromosome pair. X, X, etc.Cells can have 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 23 chromosomes, depending on what phase the cell is in.There is also a diploid number and a haploid number. This can be rather confusing, but read carefully:--The diploid number represents the total number of chromosomes in 1 cell or counting both partners in the pair. In other words, the total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell. 46.--The haploid number is the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell. 23. Makes sense, right?But it is also the number of homologous pairs in a diploid cell. 23.►►So how can a diploid cell have a haploid number? A diploid cell has homologous pairs, but a haploid cell does not have any pairs. So how can this be?►It's like saying there are 46 people at the party, and 23 couples. But 23 is also the number of boys.This is not a haploid cell, but a haploid number. A haploid number is the number of chromosomes represented by one chromosome from each pair in the organism. So in a human haploid cell, there is only one chromosome from each pair, equaling 23; in a human diploid cell, one chromosome from each pair will still be 23.(Thanks to the teachers at Apologia for being willing to email me several times until my brain finally got it!)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
read 213-218
(6) p. 213-218a, Meiosis: The Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction
The purpose of meiosisis for sexual reproduction.
It is the process by which a diploid cell forms a haploid cell called a gamete (eggs and sperm are gametes).
Meiosis►Watch this video of Meiosis. Click Animation.[If you need to, press your F11 key to make the screen larger. Sometimes clicking F11 while in a different tab works better.]--After watching the animation, click Tutorials at the bottom.--Below that, 5 Interactive Tutorials are listed:
Homologous Chromosomes, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis,and Summary.
Mastering the first 4 are important.►Use this comparison printable Study Sheet for Meiosis. You will be able to fill this in after you complete Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis, but you should do all the first 4 Interactive Tutorials to be able to understand this. ►Watch this videoto be able to answer the last question about Recombination.This is why parents can have children that look so different from one another.
These haploid cells (that were produced by diploid cells) will have only 23 chromosomes (one from each pair), and are the cells that determine sex. These are called gametes. Gametes are the eggs and sperm.After an egg and sperm unite, the resulting cell is called a zygote. The zygote now is a diploid cell with 46 chromosomes (or 23 homologous chromosome pairs).The zygote will multiply again and again by mitosis (not meiosis), forming a baby.After you understand meiosis, here is a fun video to watch. =)The DNA first coils up into chromosomes (see image or Fig. 7.4, p. 205). If no video appears below, click link here http://homeschoolersresources.blogspot.com/2010/11/biology-module-7-cellular-reproduction.html and scroll down to video with pink background and cartoon DNA strands in yellow and green.
read 218-222 (7) p. 218-222, VirusesLearn The Lytic Pathway (or Lytic Cycle) for cells in general, (not just the one for bacteria in Fig. 7.14).►Read the paragraph on p. 219 that ends in "This process is called the lytic (lih' tik) pathway."Sorry about the green flashes, etc. This video must have a virus, hehe!
The virus transcribes and translates. Transcription and Translation.This is how the cell reproduces the virus. The virus cannot reproduce itself.
When a person scratches
an itch, he or she destroys skin cells.The skin cells must be constantly making
new cells to replace those which are destroyed.When the skin replaces dead or
damaged cells, it performs reproduction.This web site has a wonderful animation
of the processes involved.
Site provides a side by
side animation of the two reproductive processes.There is also a link to a
chart which shows a side-by-side comparison of mitosis and meiosis.Contains
evolutionary content.
This site, hosted by a
chiropractor, provides an interesting and informative look at pro-vaccination
information from a scientific study point of view.
This web page provides
an in depth look at transcription.Site contains multiple links to help the
student explore the process.Comprehensive in scope with wonderful graphics.
Wonderful graphic on
this site which details the mitosis process.There is also a summary of the
stages in the process.Some of the supporting pages contain evolutionary
content.
Again, an awesome
summary and great graphic of meiosis is available on this site.Very well done,
but the site talks about cloning on some of the linked pages.
Viruses are not plants,
animals, or bacteria, but they are the quintessential parasites of the living
kingdoms. Although they may seem like living organisms because of their
prodigious reproductive abilities, viruses are not living organisms in the
strict sense of the word.This page provides the student with detailed
information on the differences between viral, bacterial, plant, and animal
cells.Contains evolutionary content.
Summary site which
provides the student with a college-level discussion of transcription and
translation.Includes a very interesting chart which givens the possible codons
and the amino acids for which they code.
Awesome site which
discusses the anatomical and physiological aspects of immunity.Site provides a
college-level discussion of cell mediated immunity and the immune system with
multiple linked pages.If you have any questions about what happens in the body
post-vaccination, you will find the answers here.Contains evolutionary content.
